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| From-pixabay |
Kingdom-Plantae
Order-Asterales
Family-Asteraceae
Genus-Chrysanthemum
Species-C. × morifolium
Description
The plant, which is a perennial herbaceous or slightly woody plant that grows on the ground, is 30-90 centimetres broad and tall. The stems are vertical. The leaves are more than 150 mm long and have a broad oval shape with a wedge-shaped petiole. Lower leaves are plumed; as the stalks ascend, upper leaves become increasingly whole. Spring is when deciduous leaves first appear. They have teeth, are lobed pinnatifid, and alternate. They can grow up to 12 cm long, are squishy, and have grey hairs on them. When they wrinkle, they emit a potent odour.
The plant has a thick, leathery feel. The numerous silky branches combine to create a thick tuft that is covered in short down. The usual flower heads are radiating, which means they are made up of actinomorphic, tubulated, bisexual centre florets and peripheral, female, zygomorphous florets with ligules. Herbaceous exterior bracts with a little scariety border are present.
Many cup-shaped partial inflorescences are present in complex total inflorescences. The tongue flowers come in a wide range of hues, including green, white, yellow, pink, and purple. There are variations with daisy-like simple blooms and varieties with double flowers that resemble more or less large pompoms. When the day is fewer than 14 hours long, the plant begins to bloosm.
To be noted, during the course of the 1.5 millennia of cultivation, tens of thousands of unique cultivars have been produced, with flower heads that varied greatly in terms of their size, colour, and shape. The leaves are primarily where one can determine whether something is a chrysanthemum.
Botanical history
They have existed in China since 500 BCE. They have been well recognised in Europe, particularly in Holland, since the middle of the 17th century, but it wasn't until the 19th century that they were widely renowned. The chrysanthemum was first valued as a medicinal herb in China.It is included among the items relating to the pursuit of immortality and is regarded as the oldest piece of Chinese medical literature in the category of excellent drugs. According to the classic, "with sustained usage, it lifts the inhibition of blood and qi, eases the body, slows down ageing, and prolongs life." To achieve the ethereal state of Immortals who could fly and "ride the clouds," "lightening the body" was a goal. Chrysanthemums continued to be used as food while also becoming more and more popular as an aesthetic plant.In 1104 CE, the first book about chrysanthemums was released. They are divided into groups based on their colour: regular ones are yellow, followed by whites, purples, and lastly reds.
There are 35 cultivated varieties listed in total that can be seen in the gardens close to the Buddhist shrines of Longmen Grottoes. In his Great Treaty of Medical Matter from the 16th century, the renowned herbalist and physician Li Shizhen lists one hundred cultivars. He claims that they have therapeutic benefits including "eliminating heat and toxins," "increasing visual acuity," and other things of that nature. Over 500 cultivars were surveyed in 1630, 17 and about 2000 at the start of the 20th century.Chrysanthemums are first mentioned by a European author in Jacobus Breynius' Prodromus Plantarum Rariorum from 1689. This businessman and botanist describes the Matricaria japonica maxima as a very elegant flowering plant that comes in multiple varieties and is double, pink or light red in colour. Thomas d'Audibert de Ramatuelle is credited with providing the first botanical description of the florists' chrysanthemum. This botanist describes the domesticated plant, with large purpurine flowers, brought back from China by the sailor Marseillais Blancard in 1792 in the Journal of Natural History under the name "Camomile with large flowers," Anthemis grandiflora.He is adamant that it is different from Linnaeus' Chrysanthemum indicum, which has little yellow heads. In a note, he suggests using the name Chrysanthemum morifolium as well. From this first domesticated plant that Blancard brought back from China in 1789, many of cultivars and hybrids were produced in Europe from those that followed (from China in 1846 and Japan in 1863) There are currently a lot of complicated cultivars, which have joined thousands of cultivars that were individually developed in China and Japan.The common chrysanthemums of the florists (C. hortorum) are frequently referred to as "large-flowering" and "fall chrysanthemums" in order to distinguish them from the hardy outdoor species, according to horticulturist Wilhelm Miller. They are a hybrid of two species of plants that naturally grow in China and Japan: C. indicum and C. morifolium. The outside or hardychrysanthemums, which are less developed varieties, are descended from the same species. Chrysanthemums from florists aren't always related to glasshouses. Numerous variants make up the more than 1,000 types that have existed in Europe since the 19th century.
Ecology
Numerous aphids, capsid bugs, earwigs, leaf miners, nematodes, spider mites, thrips, and whiteflies all feed on the plant. Aster yellows, Botrytis, leaf spots, rust, powdery mildew, verticillium wilt, rotting of stem and roots, and even viruses can all cause the plant to perish.
Cultivation
According to a NASA study, this plant has a reputation for being a popular indoor houseplant because it purifies the air by eliminating pollutants including trichloroethylene, benzene, formaldehyde, and ammonia. The plant generally benefits from fertilising once every month and receiving two to three weekly waterings, depending on the climate.
Medicine
The "flower" is used in natural medicine to treat unclean skin and eye inflammation. It functions as an air purifier as well.
Allergies and skin rashes may occasionally result from coming into contact with plant materials.
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